POLYSEMY AS A SIGN OF LANGUAGE DYNAMICS
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Abstract
Introduction. Polysemy is one of the important manifestations of the systematic organization of the lexical composition of the language. This is a semantic universal, which, depending on the genetic and typological structure of each language, has a specific implementation and illustrates the surrounding world in the interrelationship of all its elements. It plays an important cognitive role.
Polysemy reflects the thinking of society. Some dictionary articles with a lot of polysemy are read for pleasure: there is so much interesting and instructive in them.
The purpose is to outline the main regularities and directions of the semantic development of polysemous words.
Results. On the example of adjectives and nouns, the main regularities and directions of the semantic development of multi-meaning words are outlined. It has been found that for indicative meanings, the scope of meaning is related to situational knowledge, for objective ones, the semantic
scope of the word implies knowledge of the function, purpose of the subject. Particular attention is paid to nominations representing three types of polysemy: radial polysemy – all meanings of a word are motivated by the same central meaning, chain polysemy – each new meaning of a word is motivated by another – closer to it – meaning, but the extreme meanings may not have common semantic components and radial-chain polysemy (most often used).
Originality. In the semantic development of words, it is advisable to separate the phenomena of polysemy from homonymy, in particular due to independent derivation from the same base or repeated hidden borrowing. It is necessary to take into account not only the factor of the time as appearance of the name, but also the existence of a base for its semantics in an already known word.
Conclusions. Polysemy is one of the important means of systematic organization of the lexical composition of the language. It reflects the consequences of human thinking, which captures in a multimeaning word the similarity between various objects and phenomena of objective reality. Polysemy makes the word a more flexible tool for thinking. It is associated with the tendency to economize linguistic means, since polysemy makes it possible to express a greater number of concepts without increasing the number of language forms.
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References
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